Rome The Greatest Empires That Ever Existed - 1433 Words

Rome!!! From Humble Beginning. Rome is one of the greatest empires that ever existed. However, how did it begin? Who started it? How did it become and empire? How big did this empire get? In addition, when did it become an empire? Rome all began around the eighth century and was founded at about 753 B.C. Ancient Rome from there grew from a small Iron Age hut village in central Italy’s Tiber River to a huge empire. There was a legend about the two men who founded Rome. Romulus and Remus founded Rome. They were the twin sons of Mars. Mars was the supposed god of war. The legend began when they were both left to drown in a basket on the Tiber by a king of nearby Alba Longa. They were rescued by what some would describe was a she-wolf; the twins lived their lives preparing a planning to defeat that king. When they finally defeated him, they founded their own city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. things were peaceful for a while but soon Romulus got greedier for more power. This greed would eventually lead him to kill his own brother for total control. After killing his brother, Romulus became the first king of Rome. Rome was then named after him. After this a whole line of Sabine, Latin and Etruscan kings followed in a non-hereditary succession. In 616, the Romans sophisticated Etruscan neighbors seized power, but were later kicked out in 509. The Romans era of being a monarchy ended in 50 9 B.C. when they overthrow their seventh king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. SomeShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1609 Words   |  7 PagesFall of Rome HIST534 A001 Sum 15 American Military University David Provencher (ID# 4358187) July 30, 2015 The fall of the Roman Empire is one of the most discussed and debated events in ancient history. Many historians site the date of 476 A. D. as the day the empire ended, but there are also many that say that the 476 A.D. date is subjective because it took many years of internal problems and neglect for the empire to come to an end. Even from the beginning of the Empire under AugustineRead MoreROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY IN CHINA1441 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY IN CHINA Rodrick Carter HIEU 201 Liberty University 29 November 2014 Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty in China are two kingdoms that, despite the geographical difference between them, managed to achieve great success and failure in equal measure. Both were characterized by imperial dynasties that were headed by the emperors and they held large territories. Both of these kingdoms faced various challenges afterRead MoreComparison Between Greece And Greece1376 Words   |  6 PagesWhen comparing Rome and Greece side by side, the two could easily be described as two sides of the same coin. Each heavily influenced the other, cultures mingled and ideas were shared. Greece and Rome in a sense were sister, but not twins. Sitting on the craggy Balkan Peninsula is a collection of powerful city-states known as Greece. Often credited as the birthplace of western culture, Greek culture shaped the western world into what it is today. Western philosophy, literature, mathematics, historyRead MoreThe Decline Of The Roman Empire Essay1768 Words   |  8 Pages The Roman Empire was or could be one of the greatest empires to have ever existed to this day. Just like many empires the Roman Empire fell to betrayal, religion, and war. Lasting from 27BC to 1453 the Roman Empire to me is the most interesting empire to talk about. When you take any history class that explores times outside the US, you hear about the Roman Empire being involved some way or somehow. The Roman Empire history can go on for days. I will pack most of the history into a small 5 pageRead MoreExamples of Bias Aporach to History1400 Words   |  6 Pages Ever since the beginning of civilization starting with the beginnings of even Mes opotamia, history has not only been biased but written by one type of people: the winners. Rarely in history do the winners of a war or battle not write what had happened in their single point of view. The losers are nearly always left out; theyre side is almost never heard or even known to exist. The three greatest examples of this bias approach to history are the actions of Hernà ¡n Cortes and the destructionRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2506 Words   |  11 Pagesthe greatest empires to have existed in ancient human history is undoubtedly the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire maintained very sophisticated governmental policies. Not only were they responsible for groundbreaking political systems, Rome was very technologically advanced as well. Rome would lay a foundation for civilizations to come with the innovative political and technological breakthroughs they experienced. Unfortunately for Rome, the higher the rise also meant the harder the fall. Rome wouldRead MoreRoman Military Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesTHE ROMAN MILITARY No powerful civilization has ever excised without a well-organized military. The Republic of Rome and Imperial Rome would have no been so influential to civilizations across the globe without a powerful military. Imperial Rome conquered vast lands from Britain to North Africa, from Egypt to Judea with their military which consisted of well discipline soldiers from their generals to the simple foot soldiers. This military was not an armed mob with clubs and spear; theyRead MoreRoman Architecture Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesmind, such as arches, columns, statues, and richly covered surfaces in marbles. One must stop to think that this empire, which gained power and influence in the first century BC, must have been influenced from the thousands of years of cultures preceding them in order to create their masterpieces of ingenuity. This phenomenon can be seen in our borrowing of ideas of ancient Greece and Rome for the construction of our capitol buildings in the United States. The Romans surely considered design principlesRead MoreThe Byzantine Empire2040 Words   |  9 PagesThe Byzantine Empire is a modern name for the Roman Empire after the fall of its Western provinces. To what extent does this fairly characterise the Byzantines? The Byzantine Empire existed from the 3rd century to 14th. In the time of its existence, it achieved levels of the economic and cultural stability never seen before. Its wealth and political prowess, as well as her military power were of no match over a period of nearly a thousand years. It was founded as a result of the divide of theRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Economy Responsible For Rome s Decline?3483 Words   |  14 PagesRome was an ancient civilization so mighty its influence is still felt today. Rome was able to conquer much of the land around the Mediterranean. They were a people with advancements not seen during the time, introducing forms of science and war that are still seen today (Andrews)1. This society lasted for over 1,000 years, leaving its mark on the world for years to come. How could it be that this mighty civilization came to fall? The decline of a Rome is an often-debated topic due to the many factors

Do You Believe In The American Dream. When Reading The

Do You Believe in the American Dream? When reading the book T.C Boyle’s â€Å"The Tortilla Curtain† you get a visual of two different classes of people that are trying to achieve the â€Å"American dream†. One side is an upper class white married couple and the other are an illegal immigrant couple. The dream is displayed in many different directions in this book. T.C Boyle’s, The Tortilla Curtain, illustrates the reality in which social class you are a part of will depend on the types of struggles you will face to achieve the American dream. In â€Å"Tortilla Curtain† there are only two social classes by both families. The Mossbachers are the upper-class white family, which includes Delaney and Kyra Mossbachers. Since they are upper class they have†¦show more content†¦This family comes from Mexico in which they don’t have much money there either. They came to America to work for the so called â€Å"American dream†. Americaâ €™s even states about the want for the dream, â€Å"She wanted. Of course she wanted. Everybody who’d stayed behind to dry up and die in Tepoztlan wanted too.† (Boyle29) Everyone ached for that dream, but like the Rincon’s they didn’t have a helping hand, they didn’t have money handed down or even an education given to them to work from. They are starting from nothing and work for minimum wage or less. Nobody takes them serious because they are so low in the social class. Employers know they can pay them anything and illegal immigrants like themselves must take whatever they can get. â€Å"pulled out three clean fresh newly minted bills, two tens and a five, and her smile came back. I worked all day†. (Boyle 124) After an entire day of scrubbing Buddha statues, she only made 25 dollars, half of what minimum wage was in California. Even though she only got half of what she deserved she was happy and had a little more hope than yesterday f or her dream. One works all day to make nothing compared to one that doesn’t work much gets a lot, all because of different social classes that fall under. Through out this novel each family social class is showing in how they live their own life, a dramatic difference between a certain event was there â€Å"Thanksgiving Dinner†. The MossbachersShow MoreRelatedEssay Baldwins My Dungeon Shook: A Letter to my Nephew1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American Dream belong to every one or does it exclude some individuals? The American Dream is a very powerful force that molds America. It has existed for many generations but has it changed over time? The foundation of the Dream tends to stay the same that is the pursuit of happiness, hope, freedom, justice and equality. The concepts within the American Dream should alter to fit the changes of society. The breakthroughs and obstacles that America overcomes should shift the American Dream. SocietyRead MoreThe Black Body, America s Captivation With The Dream992 Words   |  4 PagesI did not like reading your novel Between the World and Me because your harsh words and overwhelming logic left me with a bitter feeling about the world. I feel that your book did an excellent job of explaining what growing up black in America is like, however, I also felt that it was overly dour. I have experienced some of the things you detailed in your book: the vulnerabilities of the black body, America’s captivation with the Dream, but even so I feel I cannot help but feel as though you’re missingRead MoreWhat Is The American Dream?1407 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the American Dream? If you ask anyone they will provide you with all types of answers, from making a successful life for one to wishing and hoping that America changes and grows as a whole. Personally I believe that the American Dream is the idea that was put in my head as a small child by parents and the other adults around. For me, this was the m otion that in the beginning it’s as simple as going to school and make A’s so that I can be accepted into a good college, and then you must workRead MoreThe Great Gatsby647 Words   |  3 Pagesthat people do in this world, not only entertain us but also teach concepts and morals either directly or indirectly. Books are either entertaining to some or are just objects that make life stale and boring, but yet these insignificant objects can provide more entertainment while also allowing cognitive thinking skills and learning universal truths that teach life lessons. People have different opinions towards books and how to utilize them for the generation of today and if reading novels is evenRead MoreThe American Dream By Chris Mccandless1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Modern American Dream The United States was founded on a dream. A dream where we would could find our own land and be free from the tyranny of the British government. This dream was freedom. The freedom to become a Fortune 500 CEO that was born in the Southside of Chicago. The freedom to escape. The freedom to be who you wanted to be without anyone holding you back. Even the freedom to escape society and never turn back. The American Dream is basically just freedom. The ability to do whatever orRead MoreMyth of Money and Success Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesSuccess The American Dream is different for everyone, though it is most commonly associated with success, freedom, and happiness. The concept of the American Dream seems to have dwindled from where it was in the past few generations. It has gone from success, freedom, and happiness to having lots of money and the nicest possessions. In today’s society, we all hope and strive for this dream, but how many actually achieve the American Dream? Is it a reasonable goal that Americans should strive forRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By F. Scott Fitzgerald1515 Words   |  7 PagesJay Gatsby undergoes a major change in life; he goes from being a poor man to West Egg’s richest man. Gatsby believes that his wealth would help him get the love of his life back—Daisy Buchanan. In this paper, the Marxist theory will be used to describe how the idea of achieving the American Dream lead to the deaths of Willy Loman and Jay Gatsby—their corrupt versions of the American Dream. Nonethe less, this analysis will give the readers the opportunity to learn that in life, one should not liveRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Book Analysis1016 Words   |  5 Pagesmeanings and symbolism in literature. Before reading The Great Gatsby, it was just a book about a man who had great wealth and threw many extravagant parties to get the attention of a woman named Daisy Buchanan. After further analysis, I discovered there was a deeper meaning to almost everything that I had read. The whole plot of the book The Great Gatsby has an entire different meaning if you look past the surface of the book. Throughout this story you go past the surface of Jay Gatsbys life andRead MoreDr Nehisi Coates, An American Educator, Journalist, And Writer1086 Words   |  5 PagesTa-Nehisi Coates is an American educator, journalist, and writer. Ta-Nehisi writes about social, cultural, and political issues, regarding African-Americans for The Atlantic where he is a national correspondent. Not only did Coa tes write the book Between the World and Me but he also wrote The Beautiful Struggle.Before reading this book I had no clue who Ta-Nehisi Coates was. When I first read that we had to do a book report I immediately froze up because I hate reading books. I prejudged BetweenRead MorePhase 5 IP LITR Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesMelissa Eidson Reading can open one’s mind to the imagination of anything to be dreamt of. Poems, short stories, novels, plays, and dramas are all different types of literature that exist today. All of the different types of literature have their own ways and formats that they are written in. Literature has many ways of speaking to us as we read them, it can strike up emotions or memories that we have or it can make us rethink a situation that we are going through. I believe that literature can

The Person I Admire the Most free essay sample

Of all the people I have encountered in my life, the person I admire the most is my father the reason I admire him that much is for the simple fact of him being not just my father, my dad. As a wise man once said Anyone can be a father, but It takes a real man to be a dad. I believe not every father can be a dad it takes courage, strength, responsibility, patience, acceptance, love, Justice, reliability and much more and my dad has shown this virtues In everyday life experiences, In spite of the situation we are in, he never looses himself.Once I remember I was sick so I had to stay home In bed. Since my dad had a lot of work to do he left early, and told me he would be back late. When he got to the office he called me and asked me how I was doing, I answered I wasnt doing so good, and 15 MN later he was back home because he was worried about me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person I Admire the Most or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I saw him working at the same time that he was taking care of me. Even though I was only 10 years old, that Is when realized how much time and work he gives up for me. My dad grew in a close family surrounded by love.He was a person full of questions, but as he grew older, he became wiser in many ways, and it was only a matter of time for him to get the the answer to all these questions. One good lesson my dad has taught me was that you most likely wont have the answer to everything, but that is what life is for, to learn from your mistakes and find those answer your are looking for. From him I also learned that to able for people to hear you, you need to speak. You have to fight for what you believe in, and never back down.He is an extremely determined man, he will accomplish anything he puts his mind to. Ive always admired his sense of humor, how he makes everybody laugh and feel better. And I really hope someday I can give people such good advice as the one my father gives to me when I encounter a problem, and to be able to handle it with the same strength and grace as he does. I know this person IM describing sounds like a hero, but he does have his vulnerable moments Just like all of us. Still he is and always will be my hero!

Poem The Girl Essays - I Kissed A Girl, , Term Papers

Poem: The Girl I Kissed A Girl Genny came over and told me about Fred He's such a hairy behemoth she said And dumb as a box of hammers But he's such a handsome guy And I opened up and told her about Larry And yesterday how he asked me to marry I'm not giving him an answer yet I think I can do better. So we laughed, compared notes We had a drink, we had a smoke She took off her overcoat I kissed a girl. So she called home to say she'd be late He said, he worried, but now he feels safe I'm glad your with your girlfriend Tell her Hi for me So I looked at you you had guilt in your eyes But it only lasted a little while And then I felt your hand upon my knee And we laughed at the world They can have their diamonds and we'll have our pearls I kissed a girl I kissed a girl, her lips were sweet. She was just like kissing me I kissed a girl, won't change the world But I'm so glad I kissed a girl And we laughed at the world They can have their diamonds and we'll have our pearls I kissed a girl Poetry

Importance of Internal Analysis in Strategic Management

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous Students often confuse the present perfect and present perfect continuous. This lesson employs an imaginary biography to get students asking questions and speaking about completed accomplishments (present perfect) and duration of activity (present perfect continuous). The main difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous that students need to acquire is the difference between the amount of time the current activity has been in progress, and the amount of activity that has been done. In the first case, we use the present perfect continuous to express how long the current activity has been going on. In the second case, use the present perfect to express how many or how much has been accomplished. These guides on how to teach the present perfect continuous and how to teach the present perfect can help with further exercises and teaching suggestions. Aim Correct use of present perfect and present perfect continuous, contrasted with simple past Activity Use of an imaginary chart of life events to elicit questions and answers using both the present perfect and present perfect continuous, as well as the simple past Level Intermediate Outline Review the present perfect and present perfect continuous with the class. Focus on the difference between present perfect to express an amount finished up to the present moment (Ive read three books by Hemingway), and the present perfect continuous to express the duration of the current activity (Shes been reading for three hours).Ask students to take a look at the sentences in exercise 1 and decide if they are correct or incorrect.Make a point of discussing the use of BOTH the present perfect and present perfect continuous with common verbs such as live, work, play, drive, etc.Ask students to read the life chart of John Anderson.Have students pair up and use the question cues. Ask students to use the present perfect continuous when asking about the duration of an activity.To check if students are doing the activity correctly, ask the students to write out the questions once they have finished. John Anderson: VIP 0Born 1954 6Started school 12Started magazine delivery service 13Started playing tennis 15Hired four other boys for magazine delivery service 17Sold magazine delivery service for $20,000 17Went to Harvard Business School 18Won New York State tennis championship 19Started Supersoft software company with roommate 20Sold Supersoft for $400,000 21Graduated with honors from Harvard 22Received Masters of International Business from Yale 23Started work for Brown and Bran Inc. in New York City 25Married first wife, Josine 26First son born, Josh 26Promoted to Vice President of International Sales 27Won New York Business Clubs International Businessman Award 28Left Brown and Bran Inc. 28Started New Media Associates Inc. in New York City 29Divorced Josie 30Won New Business Innovation award 31Met and married second wife, Angela 32Second son, Philip, born 33Won over-thiry tennis tournament of New York City

Implications Of Digital Panopticism And Profiling Essay

Implications Of Digital Panopticism And Profiling - Essay Example As argued by Jason and Detlev (2010) the development of a system of consumer segment that was referred to as A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods ACORN that was focused at proper storage of consumer information was essential. One of the notable icons who significantly contributed in market segmentation through information technology is Jonathan Robbin. Based on his contributions and development of software in the marketing field, social clusters emerged. Another implication of digital Panopticism was improved market intelligence. Through storing of information that related to various market segments, marketers are now able to clearly understand socio-economic factors, consumer’s preferences and tastes that are fundamental in the production and delivery of products. Firms are in a position to emulate effective marketing mix that matches the needs of their customers. Emergence of socio-demographic surveillance and real development in consumer surveillance is another ma jor result of the digitalization. This was based on the extensive marketing studies that include algorithmic analysis and data mining. As a result of the extensive use of information technologies, companies can now identify behavioural relationship and consumption patterns that could not be recognized before the use of modern technologies. For example, through the use of internet, consumers can now give feedback that is used by companies such as Coca-Cola to produce brands that are needed by their consumers.

The use of Mobile Phones in Marketing Coursework

The use of Mobile Phones in Marketing - Coursework Example A majority of these text messages are personal. However, businesses – particularly small businesses – can use SMS to their advantage. However, the mobile is increasingly more versatile and afros diverse ways in which it can be used by business enterprises 2. Using SMS to Advertise If you have a new product, service, offer, announcement, etc, you can effectively target your customers by sending them a SMS. Most of the latest mobile phones allow you to send a single text message to multiple recipients. The only disadvantage is that many of these phones have a maximum recipient number of around 10 (at the very most). However, in older mobile phones sets, the message has to be sent to multiple customers by choosing and sending them one by one, which takes much time. However, messages can also be sent using the personal computer just as it can be done using a handy mobile phone. The messages can be sent simultaneously to multiple recipients by using software that is availabl e freely n the internet. In this respect, this is similar to sending email messages by accounts like Yahoo or Google. This is particularly useful in case the mailing list is large. Essentially, the software acts similar to an email account allowing recipients to reply to you (this can even be delivered in the style of an email if required). 3. Mobile marketing Mobile marketing is a term used to refer to any one of two distinct categories of ways of adopting marketing suing mobile technology. Thus, one is the relatively new, yet common utility of mobile phones for marketing purposes. Here, there is a so called horizontal telecommunication convergence where the mobile phone plays a key role in garnering clientele or business for the enterprise. Another way that the term mobile marketing is used is actually as a more traditional utility and in this case, marketing is affected in a moving fashion; for example, technology road shows or moving billboards. However, although there are vario us definitions for mobile marketing, no commonly accepted definition exists. Mobile marketing is broadly defined as "the use of the mobile medium as a means of marketing communication" or "distribution of any kind of promotional or advertising messages to customers through wireless networks" (http://www.a1vm.com). A more specific definition would be the definition of mobile marketing as the use of interactive and wireless media so as to provide customers with time and location sensitive, as well as personalized information that can promotes goods and services or even ideas, for creating value for all stakeholders of the business (Blackett, 2011). As recently as in November 2009, the Mobile Marketing Association  updated its definition of Mobile Marketing as follows: Mobile Marketing is a set of practices that enables organizations to communicate and engage with their audience in an interactive and relevant manner through any mobile device or network (Mobile Marketing Association, 2009). Commonly, mobile marketing is also known as wireless marketing. However the term does not imply that it is necessarily mobile. For instance, a consumer’s communications with a website from a desktop computer at home, with signals carried over a wireless local area network (WLAN) or over a satellite network would qualify as wireless but would not be termed as mobile communications. Again, the increase in use of smart

Patty Hearst Trail 1976 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patty Hearst Trail 1976 - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is crucial to ensure justice prevails in the civilized world (Farrington, 2003). Patricia Hearst was a victim of violence for a period in her life. She was the heiress of a wealthy father who was adopted from her father’s house by a Liberation Army. She was however seen later on committing crimes and also participating in the activities of the radical group. The main crime that she committed was the bank robbery. According to the trait theory of criminology, crime is related to mental aspects of the individual. On the case of Patricia Hearst, there were assumptions that she was brainwashed. The theory states that there is a relationship between learning, intelligence, personality and also criminal behavior. There is also a psychodynamic perspective that had been stated by Freud, and it states that a personality in human has an ego; the personality manages the impulse of the id. It also manages the moral standards of an individual that are representations of the superego. According to this perception, criminals are seen as persons who are dominated by id, and they are unable to control their drives of seeking pleasure (Maguire et al, 2012). Another aspect in the trait theory of criminology is that the theory encompasses behavioral theories. Behavioral theories indicate that human beings behave the way they do due to the experiences they have encountered. Theorists in the sociological department indicate that violence is learned through exposure. On the case of Patricia Hearst she was a victim of abduction and also aggression. In one of the occasions, Patricia Hearst participated in a bank robbery in Hibernia. The security cameras that recorded the robbery were later on analyzed by the authorities and also played in the national television. Various conclusions were derived from the tapes; some of the conclusions indicated that Patricia Hearst was willing to commit a crime

The Ibis Hotel Introduction

The Ibis Hotel Introduction Ibis is Europes leading budget hotel with more than 950 hotels in 55 countries; ibis offers its customers the highest level of service and ultimate comfort in its category at the best market prices. The ibis standard guarantees its customers around the world offer homogeneous: a modern room, connected and soundproofed bedding to innovative comfort, breakfast from 4am to noon and a varied cuisine. In this ultimate comfort the ibis room: became modern, comfortable and fully equipped, all hotels in the network, the ibis room is designed to offer its customers a happy sleep and the ability to work calmly: soundproof, connected to the Wi-Fi hotel, with a flat-screen LCD TV, a spacious bathroom and a work desk. New bedding to comfort Ibis, happy sleep specialist, has developed a concept of innovative and revolutionary bedding. The pillows are generous, welcoming duvet and mattress adapts perfectly to your body for a deep, restful sleep. And the secret weapon of ibis a mattress 7 cm more comfort for soft sensations. Unprecedented in the economy segment, the new ibis will change your bed nights. The highest level of service in its class c is enjoy your stay cloudless day and night, our teams are at your disposal Our teams live to the rhythm of your needs and your desires: Front 24h/24, small kitchen ibis at all times and a bar service open continuously. A commitment to quality service Ibis is the first hotel brand to receive economic since 1997, the ISO 9001 quality certification. This International Standard deals with the quality service day and night reception, accommodation, small kitchen ibis, and breakfast from 4am to noon and bar service. Today, 758 ibis hotels in 21 countries are certified ISO 9001 or 84% of the network. The contract Satisfaction 15 minutes Contract Satisfaction 15 minutes is a unique example of this demanding process. If a cloud disturbs the residence of a client, ibis teams give 15 minutes flat for a solution, day and night, and if they cannot hunt that little cloud in the allotted time, the client is invited by the hotel. Ibis pioneering environmental commitment Ibis registered its commitment under PLANET 21, the program of Accors sustainable development. Ibis is the first global chain engaged in the environmental certification ISO 14001 which installs a continuous progress via: a recent on-going compliance regulations continuous improvement: hotels certified are regularly audited to set new goals. Already 420 hotels in 18 countries have achieved ISO 14001 environmental certification. SEVEN P S PRODUIT: The ibis standard guarantees its customers around the world offer homogeneous: a modern room connected and soundproofed bedding to innovative comfort, breakfast from 4am to noon and a varied cuisine, Attentive and efficient. PRICE: According the price of ibis is one of the major determinants of the profitability of the hotel, and the price also depends on which city the hotel is situated, so Ibis Greenwich is little be expensive because of the activity and the advantage that the around him. PLACE: Ibis Greenwich is located in a very charming and cute town, and is located in the heart of Greenwich, near the Maritime Museum, Cutty Sark, and Royal Observatory and the train station PROMOTION: regarding the promotion hotel ibis create a new concept where you reserve 2 nights with Ibis styles every Tuesday and you pay for just 1 night, you can book to in last minute.com you will have possibility to get 50% every week end Friday and Saturday. PEOPLE: The Ibis Greenwich has a very friendly receptionist staff and very harsh reception of this profession the qualification requires is GCSE or LEVEL and is depend for which brand or star are you working if you dont have any qualification but you have a motivation for the trade of the Ibis hotel industry hotel will propose you evaluation of training to evolve a team leader to manager. PROCESS: all Ibis customer use internet to book or do they are rooms reservation or, send of Email or calling the line reservation for and all our reservation agent will reply to the customer by email, fax, or post. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE: the hotel is clean, the rooms are clean, quiet, well heated hotel, the staff are presentable and pleasant http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zFfo2MGH90gCpg=PA41source=gbs_toc_rcad=4#v=onepageqf=false analysis of the Micro and Macro Environment of hospitality marketing THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT Economy: Consumers spending on hospitality services are discretionary spending. The share of household budgets spent on food away from home declined slightly during the recession of the early 1990s (Putnam and Allshouse 1999). Society and culture: As social and culture values, beliefs, and opinions change, opportunities are created for new products, services, and concepts. As people become more concerned about second-hand smoke, more restaurants, even in states where a complete smoking ban is not required, have become completely smoke free, Hotel also provide non-smoking rooms or floors in response to the contemporary climate of the social environment. Political: the restaurants restaurant industry continues to experience pressure from the government, to improve nutritional labelling or menus.at the state and local levels, destination marketing agencies, such as state tourism offices and convention and visitors, play an important role in building sales for the hospitality industry. Technology: the greatest impacts of technology on hospitality operations are in the area of communications and the amount and quality of information available for example computers are used to keep track of a guests history on spending, Hotel offer automatic check in and check out etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Environment: Many hospitality organisations have implemented environment friendly programs like many restaurant serve water only on request, and hotels ask guests to keep towels on the rack if they will be used again so that they will not be washed unnecessarily. The micro environment Competitors the market place for independent operations is much more competitive than it was just a few years ago. The high degree of competition in both the hotel and the restaurant segments affects pricing strategies and all other elements of the marketing mix. And the relatively fragmented nature of the industry means that the environment will remain highly competitive and unpredictable. Customers: families are important to hospitality marketers for two reasons PESTEL POLICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY environment legal Political The political scene has an enormous influence on the regulation of businesses, the purchasing power of buyers, as well as related companies for this reason, we had to take a look at many criteria policy so that companies can grow and perspective is rather a healthy atmosphere. Economical Marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long terms. This is especially true when planning for international marketing. Social and cultural the social and cultural influences on businesses vary from one country to another. It is very important that such factors be considered. What is the dominant religion, what are the place of men and women within the society, what are the reactions when coming to foreign products and services? In the hotel industry the sociological aspects of UK have not really affected the business; UK is a rather open minded country and therefore is easy going for the hotel business. Technological Technology is vital for our competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization technology offers companies a new way to communicate with their consumers. With development of internet, most of the bookings are made via internet. Finally technology allows for products and services to be made more cheaply and to a better standard of quality. Environment: PLANET 21 is our 21 commitments to sustainable development. Health, nature, carbon, innovation, local development, employment and dialog: 21 commitments to help the world run a little more smoothly. Legal: these are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. In recent years in the UK there have been many significant legal changes that have affected firms behaviour. Opportunities Development of skills, career opportunity Evolution of poste to another like (the manager at reception), possibility to travel around the world IBIS HOTEL SWOT STRENGTH Located in the heart of Greenwich Near the Maritime Museum, Cutty Sark, And Royal Observatory And train station. The rooms offer satellite TV and internet access. Relax at the bar with a coffee or a glass of wine Let your self be tempted by the snacks and light meals that are offered. Increase the twin rooms Threats There is strong competition in the market, opening of smaller hotel, and client requests a very high qualification Weaknesses The hotel charged me for twice for the same room on the same night, claiming I did not show up for the second of the I could not park at the hotel, the two extremely miserable receptionists offered me the  £10 parking permit which would enable me to park Tiny rooms uncomfortable beds PORTERS FIVE FORCES According to Porter (2001) the internet is an enabling technology that can be used within the context of a good business strategy in any industry. The five forces that impact competitiveness which are outlined in Porters 1980 work are: barriers to entry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and sellers, and the rivalry among existing competitors. The most important determinant of a marketplaces profit potential is the intrinsic power of buyers and sellers. Threat of Substitute Goods In the hotel industry there is usually another hotel just around the corner. They appear in all price ranges, with varying levels of service and amenities. The constant challenge will always be to get the guest to choose your hotel over the competitor. The internet makes the overall market more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating new substitution threats. Given the potency of this threat a superb internet presence is vital. Bargaining Power of Buyers Business persons choosing a hotel for business travel are savvy consumers and they are comfortable with computer technology, It has become very simple for them to go online and book a hotel. They no longer need travel agents, corporate travel consultants or middle men of any kind to determine where they will stay. Porters model predicts this elimination of intermediaries. Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors in the hotel industry is fierce. When potential customers can learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences among competitors. People tend to seek the best price for the best experience and the tendency is to reduce price to be competitive. The internet covers wide geographical areas so the market is widened increasing the number of competitors. Barriers to Entry The initial investment in the hotel industry creates quite a barrier to entry but certain barriers to entering the hotel market are reduced by the internet. A presence on the internet reduces upstart marketing costs somewhat, and gives the new competitor access to potential suppliers and resources.. Bargaining power of suppliers While this is not a substantial threat in the hotel industry it can have impact especially in the area of labour. With an aging population, there are fewer people to fill service industry jobs and hotels which can attract excellent staff have a greater chance of providing excellent and exceptional experiences to their clientele. As part of their internet strategy all hotel chains should have a section on recruitment for employment. http://themarketplaceoflife.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/porters-five-factor-model-and-hotel.html Segmentation and positioning According to the Ibis website the SEGMENT AND DESIGN is International standardized brand. ROOM SIZE 16/17sqm Can be customized according to market requirements. BEDDING the bed comfort is one of our utmost priorities. We will be launching a new Ultimate Comfort Bed. QUALITY Most of the hotels have been ISO 9001 certi ¬Ã‚ ed. ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY Over 400 hotels in 17 countries have obtained ISO 14001 Environmental Certi ¬Ã‚ cation. Since its creation in 1974, ibis has expanded continuously and has a network of 957 hotels, 117,171 rooms in 55 countries***. This strong global positioning is the result of an ambitious expansion plan launched in 2007. http://www.accor.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Contenus_Accor/Franchise_Management/Documents_utiles/Developpement/ibis_megabrand_developpement_brochure_022012.pdf http://www.accor.com/en/brands/brand-portfolio/ibis.html Branding An ultimate comfort offer the ibis room: modern, comfortable and well-equipped in every hotel of the network, the ibis room is designed to offer to its guests a happy sleep and the possibility to work calmly: soundproof, connected to the hotel Wi-Fi, with a flat screen LCD TV, a spacious bathroom and a desk. Brand new bed, brand new comfort Ibis, the good-nights-sleep specialist, has developed an innovative and revolutionary bedding concept. Pillows are fluffy, the duvet is super-soft and the high-tech mattress aligns with the density points which provide your body, so your sleep will be deep and refreshing. And the ibis secret weapon is a 7cm topper of extra comfort for a soft and welcoming feel. Unique in the economy hotel segment, the new ibis bed will transform your nights. Recommendation Ibis hotel must focus more on business segment and individual travelled, must change they are design room, also enlarge the lobby space. Conclusion The success in the tourism sector is not within the reach of everyone, the trade of the hotel industry and catering require certain qualities very Particular. First of all, and contrary to what we tend to believe that carriers are not easy, they are certainly travel, leisure, pleasure, but the majority of jobs are sedentary serious or stressful.

Pedro Paramo Essay

The novel Pedro Paramo is about a young man who loses his mother and decides to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead dies of fear and finds out his father is dead. A central theme that runs through Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo is the nature of hope and despair in a person’s life, which Rulfo demonstrates by Pedro Paramo’s love for Susana, Juan Preciado’s journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juan’s desire for her deceased husband. Rulfo exhibits Pedro Paramo’s hope for a future with Susana as a sometimes- ositive nature followed by the negative nature of despair he experiences from her demise. Pedro talks about how he has hoped Susana would return to him after many years of being gone since they were children: â€Å"I waited thirty years for you to return, Susana. I wanted to have it all. Not just part of it, but everything there was to have, to the point that there would be nothing left for us to want, no desire but your wishes† (Rulfo 82). Pedro has been persistent about Susana’s return after a long thirty years. He has loved for Susana since their childhood when they flew kites together, and thinks she will come to ove him upon her return. He went through all the trouble to gain power and land out of the hope that Susana would return and he could meet any request she wished. Pedro is talking to Don Fulgor about the plan to get rid of Susana’s father Bartolome San Juan: â€Å"We need it to be so. She must be left without family. We’re called on to look after those in need. You agree with that, don’t you† (Rolfo 85)? Pedro still hopes that Susana will realize she needs to return to him and come to love him. He believes that it will be easier for her to realize this once Don Fulgor as an order kills her father in the mines. Once he is alone with Susana he plans to comfort her now that her father is not with her or a distraction anymore. Pedro is miserable because Susana has just died: â€Å"I will cross my arms and Comala will die of hunger. † (Rulfo 117) Pedro is mainly portrayed as a selfish man, but not when it comes to Susana. According to Dorotea Pedro really did love Susana and wanted the best for her. When she died he lost it, he plummeted into depression and did not speak to anyone, because Susana meant the most to him. He promised vengeance on the town of Comala for not caring enough about Susana’s death. He choose to sit down and watch Comala collapse, because no money would circulate through the town since he owned all of it. The character Juan is like Pedro because he based his choice to go on a journey on a ray of hope only to fall into the shadows of despair. Rulfo displays Juan Preciado’s search for his father in Comala is based on hope of finding answers to his questions about his father, but is greeted with melancholy news. Juan’s mother Doloritas has just died and she had asked him to go to Comala and make Pedro pay them back for not being there to be a husband or father: â€Å"But before I knew it y head began to swim with dreams and my imagination took flight. Little by Little I began to build a world around a hope centered of the man called Pedro Paramo, the man who had been my mother’s husband. That was why I had come to Comala† (Rulfo 3). Juan’s mother wanted him to go to Comala to get what he deserves from Pedro and receive payback, but Juan quickly changed his mind about why he was going to Comala. Juan has never seen his father so he is quite ecstatic to see who Pedro is and what he looks like. Juan hopes that he will arrive in Comala to find his father Pedro and start a ew life for himself, and that they will develop a father and son relationship. Juan has received some disappointing information about his father from Abundio: â€Å"You were mistaken about the house. You told me the wrong place. You sent me ‘south of nowhere,’ to an abandoned village. Looking for someone who’s no longer alive† (Rulfo 8). Juan is speaking to his mother aloud out of anger about why she sent him to a ghost town to look for someone who is not alive anymore. Abundio had told Juan that Pedro was dead and that he represented ‘living bile’ to him. Juan has been stripped of any hope he had about is plans to find his father Pedro and answer any questions. Juan is dead and is in a coffin talking with Dorotea: â€Å"You’d have done better to stay home. Why did you come here? I told you that at the very beginning. I came her to find Pedro Paramo, who they say was my father. Hope brought me here† (Rulfo 60). Juan reminds Dorotea that he came to Comala to find his father mainly because he had hope. It is tragic how Juan dies out of fear and without any hope but sorrow. Juan died with despair knowing that his father Pedro was a horrible man and a dead man. Juan has lost his own life and everyone close o him, just like Susana who has lost her lover and father only to loose her own life shortly after. Rulfo demonstrates that Susana San Juan hopes to reunite with her deceased husband due to her craziness, and that once she figures out he is dead she does not know how to live without him. Susana is in her home dreaming about her deceased husband Florencio: â€Å"And what I want is his body. Naked and hot with love; boiling with desire; stroking my trembling breast and arms. My transparent body suspended from his. My lustful body held and released by his strength† (Rulfo 100-101). Upon her return to Pedro Susana persistently hopes that her dead husband will return to her. She believes this because she was driven crazy by a series of grave robbing’s with her father at a young age. She hopes for his return so much that she often has intense dreams with detailed memories of her lover. Susana is in her bed thinking about her dream she just had: â€Å"What shall I do now with my lips without his lips to cover them? What shall become of my poor lips† (Rulfo 101)? Susana has now realized that her deceased husband Florencio will never come back to life. She has suddenly lost all of her hope and is now filled with espair and fear of what will come. She never plans on being with Pedro and worries about what will happen to her lips since her deceased husband is the only one she wanted kissing her lips. Pedro is thinking about Susana in his thoughts while she is sleeping: â€Å"But what world was Susana San Juan living in? That was one of the things Pedro Paramo would never know† (Rulfo 95). Susana might live in the normal world but does not act like it, because she has crazy thoughts and dreams. Pedro will never know what is going on with Susana. She is always thinking about her dead husband because she lives in denial and is on Fantasy Island. The novel Pedro Paramo was about a young man who lost his mother and decided to take a journey to a ghost town called Comala to find his father, but instead died of fear and found out his father was dead. Juan Rulfo used the concept of the nature of hope and despair in a person’s life as a central theme for Pedro Paramo, and demonstrated it by using Pedro Paramo’s love for Susana, Juan Preciado’s journey to Comala for his father, and Susana San Juan’s desire for her past husband. Rulfo’s novel Pedro Paramo is an insightful source of how quickly a person’s hope can be taken and turned into despair.

Robin Hood

Hero or Criminal? Many people consider Robin Hood a hero. He was definitely a hero to the peasants of Nottingham. After all he stole from the rich and gave to the poor. If I were poor he would have been my hero, too. But to the rich people of Nottingham he was nothing more than a criminal. I'm sure I wouldn't think too highly of someone that stole my money. What Robin Hood never took into consideration was that even though the outcome was good the course of action he took wasn't right. So was he a hero or a criminal? Some people consider him a kind hearted hero. Others think of him as a cold hearted criminal. So which is it? It all depends on your perspective. The legend of Robin Hood is one of the most famous legends around. â€Å"He is the subject of nearly forty English and Scottish ballads and numerous tales, plays, and films† (Wilhelm â€Å"Robin Hood†). But a legend isn't always a fact. â€Å"Practically all that is known of the medieval legend of Robin Hood is derived from five surviving poems or ballads and a fragment of a play† (Holt 15). â€Å"The first literary reference to Robin Hood is in 1377. Much of the social background in the early ballads resembles the 14th century. But there are some reasons to believe that the Robin Hood legend was alive and well in the 13th century too. Hence, some historians like J. C. Holt prefer an earlier real Robin Hood† (Robin Hood-The Search for the Real Robin Hood 9). No one knows for sure if Robin Hood is even a real character. â€Å"According to one traditional story, Robin Hood was actually the Earl of Huntingdon, and his real name was Robert Fitzooth. But many scholars believe Robin Hood is completely fictitious. (â€Å"Robin Hood† 346). Roger Dodsworth, one of the greatest figures of the antiquarian movement of the seventeenth century, noted: Robert Locksley, born in Bradfield parish, in Hallamshire [S. Yorkshire], wounded his stepfather to death at plough: fled into the woods, and was relieved by his mother till he was discovered. Then he came to Clifton upon Calder, and came acquainted with Little John, that kept the ki ne, which said John is buried at Hathershed in Derbyshire, where he hath a fair tombstone with an inscription. Mr. Long saith that Fabyan saith, Little John was an Earl Huntingdon . After he joined with Much, the Miller's son. (Holt 44) There are also some other people that could have inspired the Robin Hood legend. Perhaps the earliest outlaw Robin Hood is Robert Hood, servant of the Abbot of Cirencester. Sometime between 1213 and 1216, he murdered a man named Ralph in the abbot's garden. Most Robin Hood legends stories do give the legendary outlaw a grudge against the church. But J. C. Holt dismisses this one as being too far from Robin's usual setting. (Robin Hood-The Search for the Real Robin Hood 9) There is also evidence to support the legend. A tombstone has been found with the following inscription: Here underneath this little stone Lies Robert, Earl of Huntington. Ne'er archer was as he so good And people called him Robin Hood. Such outlaws as he and his men Will England never see again. (Lapman v) This leads some people to believe that Robin Hood is based on a real person. Real or fictitious it is still a legend.

A Thematic Analysis of Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho Essays

A Thematic Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho Essays A Thematic Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho Arts- Movies A Thematic Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho has been commended for forming the archetypical basis of all horror films that followed its 1960 release. The mass appeal that Psycho has maintained for over three decades can undoubtedly be attributed to its universality. In Psycho, Hitchcock allows the audience to become a subjective character within the plot to enhance the film's psychological effects for an audience that is forced to recognise its own neurosis and psychological inadequacies as it is comp elled to identify, for varying lengths of time, with the contrasting personalities of the film's main characters. Hitchcock conveys an intensifying theme in Psycho, that bases itself on the unending subconscious battle between good and evil that exists in everyone through the audience's subjective participation and implicit character parallels. Psycho begins with a view of a city that is arbitrarily identified along with an exact date and time. The camera, seemingly at random, chooses first one of the man y buildings and then one of the many windows to explore before the audience is introduced to Marion and Sam. Hitchcock's use of random selection creates a sense of normalcy for the audience. The fact that the city and room were arbitrarily identified impresses upon the audience that their own lives could randomly be applied to the events that are about to follow. In the opening sequence of Psycho, Hitchcock succeeds in capturing the audience's initial senses of awareness and suspicion while allowing it to identify with Marion's helpless situation. The audience's sympathy toward Marion is heightened with the introduction of Cassidy whose crude boasting encourages the audience's dislike of his character. Cassidy's blatant statement that all unhappiness can be bought away with money, provokes the audience to form a justification for Marion's theft of his forty thousand dollars. As Marion begins her journey, the audience is drawn farther into the depths of what is disturbingly abnormal behaviour although it is c ompelled to identify and sympathize with her actions. It is with Marion's character that Hitchcock first introduces the notion of a split personality to the audience. Throughout the first part of the film, Marion's reflection is often noted in several mirrors and windows. Hitchcock is therefore able to create a voyeuristic sensation within the audience as it can visualise the effects of any situation through Marion's conscious mind. In the car dealership, for example, Marion enters the secluded bathroom in order to have privacy while counting her money. Hitchcock, however, with upper camera angles and the convenient placing of a mirror is able to convey the sense of an ever lingering conscious mind that makes privacy impossible. Hitchcock brings the audience into the bathroom with Marion and allows it to struggle with its own values and beliefs while Marion makes her own decision and continues with her journey. The split personality motif reaches the height of its foreshadowing power as Marion battles both sides of her conscience while driving on an ominous and seemingly endless road toward the Bates Motel. Marion wrestles with the voices of those that her crime and disappearance has affected while the audience is compelled to recognise as to why it can so easily identify with Marion despite her wrongful actions. As Marion's journey comes to an end at the Bates Motel, Hitchcock has successfully made the audience a direct participant within the plot. The suspicion and animosity that Marion feels while at the motel is felt by the audience. As Marion shudders while hearing Norman's mother yell at him, the audience's suspicions are heightened as Hitchcock has, at this point, made Marion the vital link between the audience and the plot. The initial confrontation between Marion and Norman Bates is used by Hitchcock to subtly and slowly sway the audience's sympathy from Marion to Norman. Hitchcock compels the audience to identify with the quiet and shy character whose devotion to his invalid mother has cost him his own identity. After Marion and Norman finish dining, Hitchcock has secured the audience's empathy for Norman and the audience is made to question its previous relationship with Marion whose criminal behaviour does not compare to Norman's seemingly honest and respectable lifestyle. The audience is

The Extent of Drug Abuse Among People in America

The Extent of Drug Abuse Among People in America Toronto Mayor Rob Ford Said He Lied about Crack Cocaine Use Because He Was EmbarrassedAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Extent of Drug Abuse Among People in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mayor lied about the use of crack cocaine The article titled â€Å"Toronto Mayor Rob Ford said he lied about crack cocaine use because he was embarrassed† talks about the use of cocaine by a public figure. It was published on February 10, 2014. The article talks about the reasons why the mayor of Toronto lied about his habit of using crack cocaine. The article was written in order to offer an explanation why the mayor lied about his illegal habit of using crack cocaine. Cocaine is an illegal drug that is abused by many people. This article shows the extent of drug abuse among people in America. Drug use is illegal. However, a person who is supposed to be spearheading the war against drug use and abuse was caught smoking crack cocaine. The article shows the extent to which leaders go to break laws instead of protecting them. I think the article was written in order to encourage people who use cocaine to come clean about their habit and ask for help. It was difficult for the mayor to deny his problem because it could have led to his removal from office. According to the article, the mayor lied about his habit of using crack cocaine because he was embarrassed (Foxnews.Com par1). Admitting to such a habit is very difficult especially for a political figure like a mayor. The mayor confirmed this through a video posted on YouTube. According to the author of the article, the mayor defended himself by claiming that everybody in the world lies about one thing or another. However, he admitted that he was embarrassed for lying about his habit (Foxnews.Com par1). The mayor was very categorical on his use of crack cocaine. He denied allegation that he was an addict. According to him, even though he used crack cocaine, he was not an addict. In addition, he said that admitting to using cocaine was a humiliating experience for him because he had to do it to the whole world (Foxnews.Com par3).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to a report released last year, the mayor was reported to be an addict. Apparently, he was captured on camera smoking weed. The mayor refuted these accusations because drug use was illegal. It is important for leaders to take responsibility of their actions because they are expected to be role models to the young people. The article is interesting because it covers an issue that is debated among many fields in the world. It is discouraging to hear a leader deny a habit that could lead to his downfall. Many young people today use illegal drugs for several purposes and are embarrassed to admit. The mayor is supposed to be a role model t o young people. However, his habit of using crack cocaine is not a reason to look upon him as a role model. The population most affected comprises young people who are affected by the drug because of denial. Denial of such a habit causes problems to many people because it leads to addictions that have negative effects on the lives of users. Many addicts do not seek help because of embarrassment. Many young people today abuse crack cocaine because of its availability and affordability. I chose this article because the use of cocaine is prevalent among many people, both old and young. Both young and old people use drugs. In addition, I chose it because it highlights a problem that needs to be solved. Leaders are supposed to protect laws and not break them. Young people are more likely to use illegal drugs because they see their leaders using them. Foxnews.Com: Toronto mayor Rob Ford said he lied about crack cocaine use because  he was embarrassed. Feb 10. 2014. Web. Feb 22. 2014. h ttps://www.foxnews.com/world/toronto-mayor-rob-ford-said-he-lied-about-crack-cocaine-use-because-he-was-embarrassed.

According to the article and answer the question Assignment - 1

According to the article and answer the question - Assignment Example Furthermore, the assertion that Sifaka have different colors is true. This is because on closer examination of these animals, it is possible to denote that they portray patches of black, gray, white and a gold colored fur. Furthermore, the author accurately describes the physical appearance of the Sifaka. In the description, the Sifaka have a slightly bugged out eyes, long limbs, and special characteristics that enables them to groom themselves (Kappeler, 21). This includes possessing a toilet claw, found in their second toe. It is important to denote that these are the characteristics of the family of Indriidae, and specifically, the genus of Lemur. It is further important to denote that Lemur is vegetarian in nature, and this makes the Sifaka to be vegetarians. On this basis, the writer is correct through the article which asserts that the diet of the Sifaka involves flowers, fruits, leaves, and the bark of a tree. Kappeler (31) also supports the fact that Sifaka likes sunbathing. This is a luxury to them, and it normally occurs when they are not looking for food. On this note, the information given by the author concerning this behavior is correct. Furthermore, the description of the author regarding the gestation period of the female Sifaka is correct. All Lemurs normally have a gestation period of between four to five months. The only shortcoming in this article is the inability of the writer to give information concerning the growth and development of the young

The Importance of Strategy Process and Strategy Context in Determining Research Paper

The Importance of Strategy Process and Strategy Context in Determining Strategy Content - Research Paper Example As the paper outlines, strategy context deals with impact of macro environment in strategy formulation. Researchers have pointed out that the strategy process is complemented with three variables such as strategy formation, strategic thinking, and strategic change. They have argued that three variables of strategic process work in an overlapping manner instead of working in an individual manner. Academic scholars such as Bob De Wit and Ron Meyer have stated that strategic content can be viewed as the end product of the strategy process. Strategic content is complemented with four levels of strategy such as Functional Level, Corporate Level, Business Level, and Network Level. Bob De Wit and Ron Meyer have pointed out that strategy context can be classified as the external circumstances directing the implementation and outcome of strategy process. They have differentiated external environment into three segments such as organizational context, industry context and international context . Various research scholars have tried to create a link between triplets of the strategy process, strategy context, and strategy but unfortunately, the majority of them ended with an abstract model without much coherence with industry requirement. In 1986, Miller and Friesen have argued that strategy content is directly proportional to strategy context and strategic initiatives are more successful for electronic goods industry, manufacturing industries and paint industry in comparison to another industry environment (Miller and Friesen, 1986, pp. 37-55). In 1983, Hambrick argued that Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies have little significance for small level firms while four levels of strategy such as Functional Level, Corporate Level, Business Level, and Network Level have importance for only firms having sufficient resources (Hambrick, 1983, pp. 213- 230). In 1989, Bryman has argued that strategy content works in accordance with organizational resources. For example, P orter’s generic strategy would not be applicable to organizations suffering from resource crisis (read human capital, financial, marketing and IT) (Bryman, 1989, p. 169). Various research scholars have agreed that the validity of three steps such strategy process, strategic content and strategic context is unquestionable. In 2005, Torgovicky’s has tested the validity of strategy content in e-business and concluded that synchronization of strategic content and strategy process can help a firm to achieve a competitive edge over other competitors (Eldring, 2009, p. 10-15).

Case Analysis of Nationwide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Analysis of Nationwide - Research Paper Example Aside from these core values, management has likewise signified adherence to other core values which include honesty, integrity, trust, and respect. The current discourse hereby aims to present a brief case study on Nationwide in terms of discussing the organization’s goals and strategies that was deemed formulated to help it maximize its total value; prior to presenting an explanation of the company’s abilities and market opportunities that help it create value for its stakeholders. Likewise, a Porter’s Five-Forces analysis would be conducted to incorporate the basic framework of value-driven strategy. Finally, a discussion on how the company can apply the Christian worldview of money, morality, and social responsibility to impact the business would be expounded in both the sort-term and long-term. Company’s Goals and the Strategies that Maximize its Total Value The vision statement of Nationwide is explicitly disclosed as follows: â€Å"to be the truste d advocate for U.S. consumers and businesses by protecting what matters most and building a secure financial future† (Nationwide, 2013, par. 1). ... g the things considered most important to clientsm through superior customer service; (2) providing solutions for the protection through various products and services that cater to varied needs; (3) providing stable, reliable, and diverse business portfolios; (4) providing greater access to products and services through varied and greatly accessible means; and (5) provision of support to the local communities within the organization’s vicinity (Natiowide, 2013). The the effective implementation of these strategies, it was therefore revealed that Nationwide generated as much as $22,650,000 in total revenues in 2012 and a net income of $940,000 in the same year (Nationwide, 2012). Company’s Abilities and Market Opportunities that Create Value for its Stakeholders Spulber (2009) has emphasized that â€Å"the abilities of the organization are its resources and competencies† (p. 161); where resources were explicitly defined as the â€Å"tangible physical assets†¦and more complex information resources† (Spulber, 2009, p. 161). Concurrently, the firm’s competencies are its â€Å"technological expertise, process capabilities, functional skills, and other firm-specific abilities† (Spulber, 2009, p. 161). These abilities are therefore evaluated using internal analysis. On the other hand, through external analysis of the macro-environment, the organization is able to determine the opportunities which abound and which could be tapped or capitalized to create value to its stakeholders. For Nationwide, the firm’s resources could be determined through a closer evaluation of its physical assets, which could be viewed it in balance sheet items. As of December 31, 2012, its total assets equal $168.3 billion. Other financial highlights which prove Nationwide’s strength include

The First Millenium Essay Example for Free

The First Millenium Essay The Year 1000 was once considered a year of apocalyptic proportions as biblical beliefs associated it with 1000 years after the Christ’s death. Historians in the 19th century had once imagined the terror during the climax of 1000 years. Without any serious argument, the notion was introduced despite many who chose to ignore the issue. Current views have however delineated eschatological sentiments of terror that once aroused religious transformations in the 11th century. Many historians have now effectively banished the thought which referenced a wrongful data without providing the solidified basis for such documentation. Lacey and Danzinger has however retrieved from England’s possession visible foundations of history through an old book written in black oak ink â€Å"sometime around the year 1020 probably by a cleric working in the manuscript studio of the Canterbury Cathedral† (p. 5). This book was later regarded as the Julius Work Calendar which provided basis for both authors of the discovery on what life was like a millennium after Christ’s death. The book actually focuses on the everyday lives of the Anglo-Saxons timed at the end of the first millennium. It strived to reconstruct the realities in a monthly tour throughout the period. The ordinary appearance of an English individual was then portrayed as â€Å"tall and people In Victorian England could not match our health or physique† (p.9). Yet â€Å"life was simple- as people wore sack-like tunics in colors that were less muddy† (p.10). No fashionable clothes were worn as people looked extremely uniform as a way of ease for the daily toils. In effect, life expectancy was also short â€Å"where a boy of 12 was old enough to swear an oath of allegiance to the king –while girls married easily in their teens† (p.10). When most adults die at an early age, people who lived well into midlife are considered respectable. At that time, England was able to sustain a â€Å"population of at least a million souls† where people were often grouped together as hunter-gatherers who lived in small groups and villages (p. 11). The simplicity was so pivotal in such that â€Å"cow dung, horse manure, sheep droppings and chicken shit† perforated the air (p.119). Men were also morally driven to religion as excitement is drawn upon a discussion and general arguments over the â€Å"observance of the Christian year† (p.12), â€Å"the lives of spirits and saints who lived their lives for the sake of Jesus’ teachings† (p. 17). England was in fact â€Å"a network of magical sites containing physical relics of at least 1 saint† (p. 19). Faith was in the main core of the simple society as peoples lives were entwined in the lives of saints. The â€Å"believer could even point to the bible which contained no less than 35 miracles in which Jesus defeated illness through the power of faith† (p. 122). Faith was therefore considered of highest consequence as people of the middle ages placed higher degrees of trust and faith. Every believer was highly aware that â€Å"sins were keeping the miraculous tradition alive† (p.122) and reliance to faith is highly a virtue. Faith in medicine was akin to belief in God. Persons during the period have an inkling of disease and illness. Folk remedy might have been applied with a hefty amount of religious conviction and care. Cures for maladies also involved â€Å"binding the stalk of herb crossword to the head with a red bandana while chilblains were to be treated with a mixture of ems, wine and fennel root† (126). Virility was also considered an important health matter that required â€Å"ministrations in the groin area with yellow lowered herb agrimony† (p. 126). Cleanliness was unheard of and people do not bathe as often as we do now. Nudity was even accepted in exchange for food and grain. During the time of the middle ages, the government existed under the rules of the king and his minions. Many may have not seen the king as â€Å"personal portraits did not exist† (p.17) and people were more familiar with the representatives of the church than with political persons. The lord of the land as the king’s minion was also considered the â€Å"loaf giver† (p.46-47) who would pay the Viking invaders at least â€Å"2000 pounds in gold and silver upon which payment invaders departed† (p. 14). In effect, people were highly dependent upon the immediate rulers of lands or village leaders for their safety. Slavery was consistent with the feudal system introduced by Viking invaders with Dublin operating the largest market. Typically everyone was in bondage where men expressed a â€Å"token of their fresh start or servitude† as opposed to prison or difficult times during famine (p. 45). Book Review Lacey, Robert and Danny Danzinger. The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millenium: An Englishman’s World, 1st ed. Boston: Little Brown, 1999. The book Lacey and Danzinger wrote is considered a refreshing answer to the present day worries on the changes which a new millennium can bring. The simple fact that even social scientist were led to believe on the apocalyptic interpretations proved how social changed brought out the emergence of this belief based on the cultural perceptions of the Middles Ages. The daily dangers of life during the period were centered on possible famines which don’t actually happen very often†¦and if it did, for shorter periods. While the book provides a realistic knowledge of the middle ages negating a continued myth on eschatological findings, it still attempts to reap benefits for the common millennium beliefs. However historians alike will welcome the accomplishments that strive to understand medieval lives into a larger global context. While we get insights on the activities of a calendar year, the daily lives of peasants and aristocracies are also exposed. Practicality was the usual behavior of people in an agricultural society. After defining the social dynamics of the period based on the Jules Calendar, I can definitely support that any romantic visions of the Middle Ages should be discounted in favor of the truth based on research and finding both authors made supported by ample evidence of truth. Religion has overemphasized wrong notions that are inherited into our modern era in an unbalanced mysticism. Through Lacey and Danzinger, the powerful heresies of the first decades which looked into the image of the monks provided basis for a historical research to ensue with proper documentation of facts. Hope being the key for existence that promised to inspire even the practical pragmatic individuals was definitely believed in. The only points which the authors failed to consider are the discussion on the recorded events of the period as written by other authors based on the annals of Saint Armand, discussing a power shattering quake that anticipated a catastrophic event for the next millennium. While Lacey and Danzinger provided views disuniting the eschatological findings, they were not able to inundate any countermeasure against the popular voices of the apocalyptic myth or doomsday beliefs. They have the ample chance to disregard the works of the destructive prodigies whose perspectives dwelled on creating a negativist confirmation of religious chaos. Lacey and Danzinger can therefore do well to disorganize this idea in full and weaken any widespread beliefs on the â€Å"end of days†. While having the capacity to exorcised doomsday believers, Lacey and Danzinger left this out for readers to discover in a pragmatic way. Altogether however, I sing praises for this book that glorified human life in the Middle Ages. Both authors have gone a long way in explaining what life was about under moral religious theologies with their documentary evidence as proof. Through their conjectural terrain, I have accepted the confidence of history in a linear time of peasant and aristocratic existence in the middle Ages.

The Unique relationship between God & Mankind in Genesis Essay

The relationship between God and his creations humans can be said to be a very complex relationship. Genesis shows us many examples of God's interaction with humans and human's interaction with each other. From the creation of Adam and Eve and all the events that follow afterwards, I shall show what the relationship tells us about the nature of God and mankind. When you read chapter one of Genesis you have the feeling that God is perfect. God holds all power and control. God turns chaos into order. "God said 'Let there be light.' And there was light, And God saw the light, that it was good" (Gen 1. 3). God's word is action, God's word is law in the universe. When God creates something, he ends it with God seeing that's its good. This is in effect giving support to the perfect nature that is God and the creations God has made. "God does not play dice" (Armstrong 9), God has order and a purpose for what he makes. An important aspect to God is seen while he is creating the world. He separates water from land. Light from Darkens, Day and Night, Male and Female. This shows that boundaries are important to God. We see examples where God put boundaries on mankind with their language by mixing the language up so confuse man and killing off the evil from the good. With the creation of man and woman God forms them out of his image. ?And God created the human in his image, in the image of God He created him, male and female He created them? (Gen 1.27). Alter says ?him as in the Hebrew is grammatically but not anatomically masculine?. So in interpretation the first human had no gender. Then on the third line ?male and female he created them? implies the creation of gender. The importance of this is that the first form of ?man? had n... ...ed a part to him. First we see God as omnipotent then we see God asking where Adam and Eve are hiding (Not being omnipotent). With the creation of mankind God loses some part of his Godliness and he gains some humanity. God has a little human in himself and we have a little God in us. But the main point still is the same, God is the authority over man and will remain this way. I also feel that the God in the bible is truly no different than the Gods of Greece for example. The God of ancient Greece acted just like humans, the only difference was that they were immortal. The God of the bible seems to act just like humans, shows love, anger, regret, learns from mistakes and so forth. So in the end God shows flaws and learns from mistakes. God is like humans, maybe this is why we don?t understand God sometimes because we can?t understand other people and their actions.

Autobiographical Narrative: Draft

Title: The Raintree parade, Double space and indent paragraphs It’s early Monday morning; I stretch my arms wide, and yawn as I struggle to pull myself out of bed. I look over at the clock, Gasp! It’s already 8:30†¦ I run around as if I’m a lunatic, and I hop around and put my pants, shirt and shoes on. I hear my mom yell from down stairs, â€Å"James, are you up yet?! † I yell back â€Å"In a minute mom! † Begin a new paragraph each time a new person speaks. So I rush out of my bedroom and past the bathroom in a rush, the sound of my backpack flapping against my back fills the empty hallway.As I run down the steps I’m sure to skip every other one to save time, and its just plain fun to see how many steps you can skip. I grab my breakfast, and lunch of the counter just before I yell goodbye to everyone. You see, my family consists of Me James, my mother Susan, My father Ricky, and my little sister Olivia. Yep that’s my family and most of the time if you asked me I indeed would change them for the world. Would or wouldn’t change them? Just as I get to the bus stop, to my shock, it pulls up.I try to calm myself by saying everything will be ok under my breath, â€Å"Here I go, another day of school it’ll be ok you can do it James† I climb aboard the chaotic bus, and look into the faces of what seemed like 1000 eyes staring me down. So I scan for a seat I can use, carefully though if you pick the wrong one you could end up a black eye or laughed at by the entire school, that’s my favorite of the two by the way. To my surprise I make it to class alive for another day. Just as I take my seat in class the teacher takes attendance.She calls out everyone’s name. And after that comes the announcements, she tells us that the Raintree parade is coming next week. She goes on to tell us that our class must get in groups and work together on a float. It’s time to get in pairs and g o to the gym where we will be assigned jobs for the float. She tells us our partners she says â€Å"Philip and Hmm†¦Abby, Brian and Sarah, Milton and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At that point I am yelling out in my head â€Å"Don’t say James, don’t say James, don’t say James† And, she says James.It’s no big shock I get paired up with the nerdiest kid in the world. He walks up to me and in a nasally voice he says â€Å"Hey James, ready to get started? † There’s no way I want to start on this with you is what I was thinking but out loud I say, of course. Let’s do this! So we walk over to the gym in what was supposed to be a single file line. One at a time we†¦ This is a great start. I hope you get a chance to finish it by the time you turn in your final draft. Remember to indent a begin a new paragraph each time a new person speaks when writing dialogue.

Main Types of New Year’s Resolutions

New Year's Resolutions Apart from the endless cups of tea with Christmas sweets, the great fun and the inmense blissfulness that we experience by the end of the year and the beginning of a new one, the New Year is also the traditional time to make resolutions, which are plans to improve oneself. Resolutions are basically promises to oneself, and like promises, you either keep them or break them. That is to say, you are either successful in keeping your plans, or you are not and you go back to your old habits. The vast majority of people think that they need a new lifestyle, a change, or a recommitment as an individual. The aim of most resolutions is to turn over a new leaf. That is, to make yourself better by changing your routines and habits. It is like making a fresh, new start in your life. Generally there are two main types of resolutions: give up or take up. A lot of people say that their New Year’s Resolutions are to give up a bad habit or to take up a new hobby. Personally, I think that what I would just like to do is carry on working hard; carry on being happy and healthy. I plan to keep on studying, keep on exercising ( I wish I could do it quite often in 2012), keep on eating well and keep on sleeping well, keep on getting on well with my family and friends. And that’s about it, there is nothing else. Nothing too big, nothing too heavy, because experience tells me that if you try to ask yourself to do too much stuff, it will eventually not happen.

A Rose for Emily and the Lottery Comparison essays

A Rose for Emily and the Lottery Comparison essays There are many ways that a reader can be prepared for the ending of a story, in A Rose for Emily and The Lottery they use the narrational stance, imagery and foreshadowing to prepare the reader for the ending. The narrational stance in A Rose for Emily was third person biography, which is defined as a single character point of view in which the narrator was is not involved with the story and the narrational stance in The Lottery was third person anonymous which is involves a narrator that takes no stance, he pretty much just tells the story. How the story is told is one integral part in how the reader is prepared for the endings of the stories. A Rose for Emily was written by William Faulkner and is about a woman named Emily who had to endure a life of heartache that started when her father died. The reader is prepared for the ending in the first line of the story by saying that Emily Grierson died. This lead me to believe that this story was going to backtrack from the womens death being stated in the beginning and just go through the various important events in her life, but I was proved wrong. This is where the narrational stance comes into play. Because the narrator is a character that is not Emily or someone really close to Emily it is hard to get an accurate characterization of her. Everything that we know comes from various opinions of the people in the town. What we do know is that Emily had a hard time accepting death, and there are two examples in the story that could be used for foreshadowing of the ending. Emily was torn apart when her father died, some say she went crazy and it was true. She didnt wan t to accept the fact that her father died and it tore her up inside that he was dead. Colonel Sartoris offered Emily a tax exemption due to the fact that the town owed her father money, this was a verbal agreement between the two and when ...

Traits of an Abnormal Personality Disorder

Traits of an Abnormal Personality Disorder Free Online Research Papers Underlying Normal Traits within Abnormal Personality Disorders Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these personality characteristics, and it determined that there were several models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical definition of abnormal personality. Researchers used either the Big Four, Big Five or other models to describe what an abnormal personality consisted of and how it related to a normal personality as studied. Researchers measured personality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor differences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noted. Later, the definition of personality dysfunctions included life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was able to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A person’s maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the personality was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal personality. Today, treatment options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic patients suffering from abnormal personality traits. Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category systems of personality disorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are â€Å"essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness† (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies show a relationship examining the factors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established th at the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A traits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested â€Å"an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics† (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four structure was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models. These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that â€Å"two higher order traits- Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality- are included in both models† (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a â€Å"Big Four† theory which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five theory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy â€Å"that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that â€Å"abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation† (O’Connor Doyce, 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when reviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality disorders (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By defining the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be utilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta-analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by O’Connor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The O’Connor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to determine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (O’Connor B.P., 2002). O’Connor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities â€Å"both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern† (O’Connor B.P., 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is the way that professional clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the â€Å"qualitative distinction between the two† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. O’Connor asked whether the distinction can be made using former models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model being that there was â€Å"no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder. In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others disordered personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed. Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often â€Å"it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is necessarily pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley Jang, p. 262). That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective distress (Livesley Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder? Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of â€Å"normal† personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger Trull, 1991; Widiger Sankis, 2000). The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they â€Å"would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even â€Å"normal† people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive. In this way, the researchers determined that the â€Å"definition of personality disorder needs to incorporate features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be â€Å"a system of interrelated structures and processes† (Costa McCrae, 1994; Mischel, 1999; Vernon, 1964) which included a person’ dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered â€Å"harmful dysfunctions,† (Wakefield, 1992; Livesley Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a person’s personality system (Livesley Jang, p. 263) Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a person’s personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her â€Å"self, and life situations, and the strategies used to achieve personal tasks† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it. It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture. This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the person’s mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that would a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly extreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be â€Å"street smart† and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis. Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of â€Å"evolutionary significance† and featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a person’s identity was developed and they included:the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies; development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness; and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions that were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a person’s life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted â€Å"harmful dysfunction† and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures â€Å"should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and they should be due to extreme personality variation rather than another pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 264). Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an â€Å"evolutionary sense† which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley Jang, p. 264). This was explained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of every individual, whether the person had an abnormal personality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by â€Å"persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally† (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that â€Å"we do not necessarily need to know everything about someones personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered† (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists view these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says â€Å"personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid† (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality. The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered â€Å"quite inappropriate in such a complicated field† (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical definition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the â€Å"bad guy.† Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within their abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The People’s Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure of the patient’s personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did â€Å"draw on the same five underlying personality traits† (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the person’s habits and personal attitudes were all measured to find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were â€Å"modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people† (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to be treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a full and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, psychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Bateman Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with â€Å"An impr ovement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months† (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the therapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with â€Å"chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have affective and personality disorders† (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs w ere considered effective for patients with long-term non schizophrenic disorders. The patients noted significant improvement in â€Å"four of the five areas studied- interpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteem- as well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM- III). Washington, DC: APA. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569. 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